Anatomy of the ligamentous and tendinous structures of the posterolateral corner of the knee: a proposal for there perair

Knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral corner of the knee is required for the proper evaluation of its posterolateral injuries and provides insight into the treatment of the resulting posterolateral instability. To describe the gross anatomy of the ligamentous and tendinous structures of the posterolateral corner of the knee and to provide a proposal for their repair. Cadaveric study included dissection of ten preserved lower limbs. The three critical stabilizers of the posterolateral corner of the knee are the fibular collateral and poplitofibular ligaments and the tendon of popliteus muscle. They resist varus angulation of the knee and posterior translation and external rotation of the tibia. The Fibular collateral ligament is the stabilizer in full extension and the other two structures are responsible for the posterolateral stability in flexion. The lateral intermuscular septum and the iliotibial tract could provide fibrous band suitable for the reconstruction of the three stabilizer of the posterolateral corner of the knee

Relations of the common peroneal nerve to the insertion of biceps femoris and origin of peroneus longus

A keen knowledge of the course of the common peroneal nerve and its relationship to the adjacent anatomical structures is mandatory to minimize the iatrogenic insult to the nerve and to elucidate the mechanisms of its injury. The aim of the present work was to study the relations of the common peroneal nerve to the insertion of biceps femoris and the origin of peroneus longus muscles. Cadaveric study included dissection often preserved lower limbs. The common peroneal nerve was plastered to the reinforced deep fascia at the posteromedial border of the biceps femoris tendon by a strap of delicate fibrous tissue. The nerve on its way to the fibular tunnel passed successively between the fibular head and the reinforced fascia then between soleus muscle and the reinforced fascia. The medial boundary of the fibular tunnel was made by the bare fibular neck. Its lateral boundary was made by the fleshy fibres of the first segment of peroneus longus muscle. The common peroneal nerve and its branches lied on the bare part of the lateral surface of the fibula between the first and second segments of peroneus longus on their superficial side and the third segment of the muscle on their deep side

Anatomical study of ulnar artery perforators in the forearm

To describe the perforators of the ulnar artery, determining their sites of origin and measurements. Thirty two upper extremities from preserved cadavers and stillborns were injected with red latex, dissected and studied. The perforators arising from the anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent arteries ramified in the adipofascial tissue on the medial side of the elbow. Perforators taking origin from the posterior interosseous artery ramified in the adipofascial tissue on the back of the forearm. The musculocutaneous and the fasciocutaneous perforators arising from the lower 2/3 of the ulnar artery branched in the adipofascial tissue on the medial side of the forearm. One of these fasciocutaneous perforators was constantly accompanied by the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve. It ramified in the adipofascial tissue on the medial side of the back of the distal forearm. The lengths and the external diameters of the branches of the ulnar artery were measured and their origins were determined. A constant and relatively long perforator arising from the lower third of the ulnar artery was found in all specimens. Based on this potentially long perforator, the arc of rotation of its flap can be increased freely

Anatomical study of the round ligament approach to segment III duct of the liver

The duct of segment III of the liver has been used as a conduit to the jejunum in cases of hilar biliary obstruction. Twenty five fresh livers were studied. The bile duct-common hepatic or common bile-, the hepatic artery and the portal vein were injected with latex and dissected to display the anatomy of the round ligament approach to segment III duct. The round ligament approach was attempted in six patients operated upon for hilar biliary stricture. In ten specimens [40%], the duct of segment III passed from its sheath and followed the left side of the left portal branch posterosuperiorly in the fissure for ligamentum teres till the origin of the sheath of segment II where it changed its direction to the right to run above and behind the left portal branch in the porta hepatis [the pattern of the curved duct]. In 9 specimens [36%], the duct of segment III passed from its sheath directly to the right in front of the left portal branch just proximal to its junction with the round ligament on its way to the left end of the porta hepatis [the pattern of straight duct]. In 6 specimens [24%], segment III was drained by two ducts [the pattern of double duct]. In the six cases operated upon, the duct could not be reached in a cirrhotic patient, three patients had straight ducts which were easily exposed, one patient had the curved duct pattern which was exposed with great difficulty, and in one patient a hepatotomy was done to reach the duct